V5

　　第一段看得不认真，记得不多，大概和狗狗里差不多吧，

　　第二段，一上来就说一个科学家做了个实验，得到了一个惊人的结果，这些鸟发那些声的时候脑子里有7个部分很活跃，然后有两个可能的解释，第一个是说，这几个鸟有一个相同的会发声的祖先，立马被科学家给否了，说如果这样的话，那肯定就存在一个大灭绝之类的，(这里有考点，问的是科学家对什么观点有所怀疑之类的)第二个是说他们自己琢磨出怎么发声的，就好比鸟和蝙蝠都是自己琢磨出怎么飞的，到最后居然都长着个翅膀了(冥冥之中自有天意啊——LZ)注意，这里仍然是考点，问的是这个例子拿来干啥子，具体选项忘记了，但是看了结构应该就不难吧

　　第三段，为了证明第二个解释的正确性，又做实验发现，人发声相应的部分也很活跃啊，然后不会发声人的那些部分压根没反应，看来脊椎动物虽然都自己琢磨怎么叫唤，但是最后居然都有这个相同的属性，由此可见，这个属性是学习行为的一个关键环节(这部分似乎和狗有出路，我是按照自己的理解和记忆说的，大家判断下哈)有一题的考点似乎就是在最后一句

　　后两段原文

　　第二段：A few years ago, Jarvisand his colleagues made the surprising discovery that when a songbird, parrotor hummingbird is producing its learned vocalization, a set of seven similarstructures in the birds’ brains become active. The finding was unexpected becausethe three avian groups are only distantly related to one another. At the sametime, they are closely related to other birds that are not vocal learners.Flycatchers, for example, belong to the same order assongbirds—Passeriformes—yet no flycatcher species tested so far displays thetrait. One possible explanation, says Jarvis, is that the three groups of vocallearning birds had a common ancestor that possessed the skill. “But this meansthere would have been multiple losses of the ability over time, a sort of massextinction of vocal learning,” he says. Another hypothesis is that vocallearners evolved similar brain structures independently over the last 65million years, much the same way that birds and bats separately evolved wingsthat turned out to be so much alike.

　　第三段：Discoveries about the human brain support this latter hypothesis.Scientists conducting imaging studies have found that when people speak, partsof their brains’ cerebrums that are similar to those of vocalizing songbirds,parrots and hummingbirds become active. They’ve also found that the same neuralpathways are damaged in people who have lost the ability to speak due to injuryor stroke. Jarvis now believes that vocal learning most likely developedindependently in humans and the three bird groups (as well as in other learnerswhose brains have not been studied)—yet it arose from a pre-existing brainsystem, probably shared by all vertebrates, that controls learning to move.

　　34 鸟发声

　　P1 开始讲三种鸟是已知鸟类中仅有的三种后天学习发声而不是基因里就会发声的。(vocalization learning instead of geneticallyprogrammed)而其他学习发声的都是哺乳动物mammal，如人，蝙蝠等等。然后详细说这三种鸟学习唱歌(sing)就和小孩子学说话一样的，生下来后逐渐和父母学习才会唱歌，所以如果把这三种鸟的幼鸟交给别的鸟养大，他们发声就会很奇怪;如果把他们单独开养，就哑巴了 dumb。

　　P2 EJ是个这方面的研究者，他发现这三种鸟在发声时，脑中七个部分的活动是非常相似的，而这是很奇怪的，因为这三种鸟的生物种属离得很远。所以有两个假说：一是他们有共同的祖先。“但是这不太可能，因为这意味着……存在大批的灭绝extinct”(记不清了，反正引号内高亮，意思很晦涩)(有题说前面高亮推断出什么，我想的是假设这个祖先的后代都是学习发声，那么现在应该有很多学习发声的鸟，为什么只有三种，因为其他的都灭绝了，而这是不太可能的)那么只剩下一种假说，就是凡是学习发声的脑部活动都一样。

　　P3. 有谈到关于人类发声时，脑部七个部位的活动和上文三种鸟也一致。这就更加说明第二个假说才是对的。最后一句谈到学习发声也是movement learning，结果有一道细节题就考这最后两个单词。

　　总结：三种鸟是仅有的后天学会发生的鸟，其他的学发生的都是哺乳动物。这三种鸟学唱歌就和小孩子学说话一样，生下来后逐渐和父母学，如果把他们交给别人养，那么声音就会很奇怪，如果单独养就不会发声。有个研究者发现，这三种鸟在发声时，脑中7个部分活动相似。由于这三类鸟物种离得很远所以是很奇怪的。存在两种假说：一个是他们有共同的祖先，但是被反驳了。第二种是学习发声的脑部活动相同。无论对于鸟还是对于人，大脑有同一个区域专门负责声音的控制之类的”所以说第二个假设是对的。

　　问题1：作者对这个实验的结果感到unexpected是因为什么?我选的哺乳动物和鸟类很少有共同的啥啥啥(具体记不清了哈~)问题2：(原文中高亮了第二段中间，第二段说了这个结果可能有俩因素导致：原因1 是引用了实验者说的话“如果鸟类有1个共同的祖先，那么就会有一个lossof...，后面同位语定义loss 是什么ability..高亮的就是实验者说的话)问高亮部分表明实验者认为：选E，不太可能有XXX。。(原谅我又记不清了，记得这道还是挺简单的)

　　好几道题考察“不同种类的鸟的声音系统是分开进化的，而不是来源于同一个祖先。”以及“无论对于鸟还是对于人，大脑有同一个区域专门负责声音的控制之类的”

　　原文参考：

　　A　few years ago, Jarvis and his colleagues made the surprisingdiscovery that when a songbird, parrot or hummingbird is producing its learned vocalization,a set of seven similar structures in the birds’ brains become active. Thefinding was unexpected because the three avian 来自鸟类的groups areonly distantly related to one another. At the same time, they are closelyrelated to other birds that are not vocal learners. Flycatchers鶲, for example, belong to the same order assongbirds—Passeriformes雀形目的—yet noflycatcher species tested so far displays the trait特征.

　　几年前,贾维斯和他的同事发现了令人惊讶,当一个小鸟,鹦鹉或蜂鸟产生学习声乐,一套七相似的结构在鸟的大脑变得活跃。这发现是意想不到的,因为这三个鸟类群体只是隐隐约约地彼此相关。与此同时,他们是密切相关的其他鸟类不是声乐学习者。Flycatchers,例如,属于此顺序 songbirds-Passeriformes-yet鹟物种迄今为止没有显示测试的特点。

　　Onepossible explanation, says Jarvis, is that the three groups of vocal learningbirds had a common ancestor that possessed the skill. “But this means there would have been multiplelosses of the ability over time, a sort of mass extinction of vocal learning,”he says. Another hypothesis is that vocal learners evolved similar brainstructures independently over the last 65 million years, much the same way thatbirds and bats separately evolved wings that turned out to be so much alike.

　　一个可能的解释说,贾维斯,三组声乐学习鸟都有一个共同的祖先拥有的技巧。“但这意味着就会有多个损失的能力随着时间的推移,一种的大规模灭绝的声乐学习,”他说。另一个假说是,声乐学习者相似的脑部结构独立进化在过去的6500万年里,,而同样的,鸟类和蝙蝠翅膀,分别进化原来是如此相似。

　　Discoveriesabout the human brain support this latter hypothesis. Scientists conducting处理 imaging studies have found that when people speak, parts oftheir brains’ cerebrums大脑 that aresimilar to those of vocalizing songbirds, parrots and hummingbirds becomeactive. They’ve also found that the same neural pathways are damaged in peoplewho have lost the ability to speak due to injury or stroke. Jarvis now believesthat vocal learning most likely developed independently in humans and the threebird groups (as well as in other learners whose brains have not beenstudied)—yet it arose from a preexisting 先存在的brainsystem, probably shared by all vertebrates, that controls learning to move.

　　发现对于人脑运作支持后者的假说。科学家们进行脑部造影研究也发现,当人们说,他们的大脑的部分,cerebrums相似的 vocalizing鸣鸟、鹦鹉、蜂鸟变得活跃。他们还发现,相同的神经通路受损的人已经失去了说话的能力由于伤病或者中风。贾维斯现在认为,最有可能的声乐学习,自主研发的鸟在人类和三组(以及其他英语学习者的大脑没有学习)-yet它起因于一个既存的脑部系统,或许能引起所有脊椎动物,控制学习移动。

　　有一段说有古蜂鸟吃一种植物，后来被现代的昆虫传播，所以现代的蜂鸟也可以食用(大概是这个意思吧，有考题)

　　最后一段说到一个尚未解决的问题，就是为什么蜂鸟没有居住在更广阔的地方，而他们的食物链明显可以扩展到比现在更广阔的领域。(有考题)

　　有题问到怎么证明蜂鸟化石与现代蜂鸟是同宗。我选的与一种植物有关(好像是哦)

　　有题问为什么没有扩展到比现在更广阔的地方，选什么我忘了(我错了……)

　　以上就是关于鸟的vocal learning这篇GMAT阅读机经的全部内容，考生可以有选择的看看。最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。