三、备注

　　1)考点集中在一,二段

　　2)本月740狗主补充描述：

　　第一段讲有一派学者提出了 cost disease这个理论，说是有些产业的生产力并没有提高(labor intensive的行业)但是这个行业的总体工资水平却提高了很多。原因是其他行业科技进步，使得labor的生产力提到，工资提高，带动这些labor intensive行业的工资提高(否则这些人就会转行)。cost diease这个理论运用到music行业。

　　第二段说作者出来说，这个解释是错误的。因为广播电视的出现以及amplifier的运用使得music的成本大大降低。另外这个cost disease有一个假设是各个行业是完全竞争的。但music行业却不是，这个行业被几个有影响的歌手和agent控制，他们可以charge很高的价格。

　　四、参考阅读

　　Baumol's cost disease (also known as the Baumol Effect) is a phenomenon described by William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen in the 1960s. It involves a rise of salaries in jobs that have experienced no increase of labor productivity in response to rising salaries in other jobs which did experience such labor productivity growth. This goes against the theory in classical economics that wages are always closely tied to labor productivity changes.

　　The rise of wages in jobs without productivity gains is caused by the necessity to compete for employees with jobs that did experience gains and hence can naturally pay higher salaries, just as classical economics predicts. For instance, if the music industry pays its musicians 19th century style salaries, the musicians may decide to quit and get a job at an automobile factory where salaries are commensurate to high labor productivity. Hence, musicians' salaries are increased not due to labor productivity increases in the music industry, but rather due to productivity and wage increases in other industries.

　　The original study was conducted for the performing arts sector. Baumol and Bowen pointed out that the same number of musicians are needed to play a Beethoven string quartet today as were needed in the 1800s; that is, the productivity of Classical music performance has not increased. On the other hand, wages of musicians (as well as in all other professions) have increased greatly since the 19th century.

　　In a range of businesses, such as the car manufacturing sector and the retail sector, workers are continually getting more productive due to technological innovations to their tools and equipment. In contrast, in some labor-intensive sectors that rely heavily on human interaction or activities, such as nursing, education, or the performing arts there is little or no growth in productivity over time. As with the string quartet example, it takes nurses the same amount of time to change a bandage, or college professors the same amount of time to mark an essay, in 2006 as it did in 1966.

　　Baumol's cost disease is often used to describe the lack of growth in productivity in public services such as public hospitals and state colleges. Since many public administration activities are heavily labor-intensive there is little growth in productivity over time. As a result growth in the GDP will generate little more resources to be spent in public sector. Thus public sector production is more depended on taxation level than growth in the GDP.