2)偏： 意即选项中所包含的逻辑范畴与原文不符。包括”以偏概全“ 以及”以全概偏”。请看下文：

　　Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female charACTers in Black American Literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female charACTers begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine’s development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing charACTers within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked raCIAl and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970’s.

　　题目：The passage is primarily concerned with

　　(A) comparing the works of three Black American authors

　　(B) describing common themes in Black American Literature

　　(C) discussing an important work in Black American Literature

　　(D) providing insights about Black American Literature in the early twentieth century

　　(E) providing historical information about the writing of Black American novels in the second half the twentieth century

　　分析：此文描述并评价了美国黑人文学史上一部优秀的著作。而其中的D，E选项中的“Black American Literature”以及“the writing of Black American novels”无疑扩大了原文的逻辑涵盖的范围，即属于“以全概偏”。于是不予选择。

　　3)反： 即选项中的内容与文章内容相反。

　　文章：“....Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female charACTers in Black American Literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a black community......”

　　题目：

　　According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they

　　(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their charACTers’ lives

　　(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century

　　(C) used Black communities as the settings for their novels

　　(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their charACTers encountered in White culture

　　(E) wrote exclusively about female charACTers and the experiences of women

　　分析：从文章中得知：“马歇尔已经摆脱了抗议小说所一贯描绘的受压迫并且带有悲剧色彩的女主人公形象”。但是B选项却说道：“马歇尔深深地受到二十世纪早期抗议小说的影响”，明显与原文意思相反。