2015-04-03 11:42:53 来源: 楷维留学指南www.keywin.org 责编:楷维留学指南
下面笔者就通过实际的题目来探讨一下2014-2015年上半年GMAT阅读考试中推断题的解决思路。
Although genetic mutations inbacteria and virusescan lead to epidemics, some epidemics are causedby bacteriaand viruses that have undergone nosignificant genetic change. In analyzing thelatter,scientists have discovered the importance of socialand ecologicalfactors to epidemics. Poliomyelitis,for example, emerged as an epidemic in theUnitedStates in the twentieth century; by then, modernsanitation was able to delay exposureto polio untiladolescenceor adulthood, at which time polioinfection producedparalysis. Previously,infectionhad occurred during infancy,when it typicallyprovided lifelong immunity without paralysis.Thus,thehygienethat helpedprevent typhoid epidemicsindirectly fostered a paralytic polioepidemic.Another example is Lyme disease, which is causedby bacteria that are transmittedby deer ticks. Itoccurred only sporadically during thelatenineteenth century but has recently becomeprevalent in parts of the United States,largelyduetoan increase in the deerpopulation thatoccurredsimultaneously with the growth of the suburbs andincreased outdoorrecreational activities in thedeer's habitat. Similarly, an outbreakof denguehemorrhagic fever became an epidemic inAsia inthe 1950s because ofecological changes thatcaused Aedesaegypti,the mosquito that transmitsthe dengue virus, to proliferate. The stage isnowset in the United States for a dengue epidemicbecause of the inadvertentintroduction and widedissemination of another mosquito,Aedesalbopictus.
这篇文章的结构套路为结论解释型,文章的开篇提出一个整体观点,即有些疾病的流行并非由于细菌或者病毒的重大变异导致,而是由于一些社会以及生态因素。之后开始举了三个疾病流行的例子,包括poliomyelitis(脊髓灰质炎),Lyme disease(莱姆病)和dengue hemorrhagic fever(登革热)在不同时期流行的社会生态因素。下面我们来看一下和这篇文章相关的推断题:
The passage suggests that a lack of modernsanitation would make which of the following mostlikely tooccur?
(A) An outbreak of Lyme disease
(B) An outbreak of denguehemorrhagic fever
(C) An epidemic of typhoid
(D) An epidemic of paralyticpolio among infants
(E) An epidemic of paralyticpolio amongadolescents and adults
题干中我们可以提炼出的定位词是名词性词组modernsanitation,同时我们注意到题干中“suggest that a lack of … would make which of the following to occur”这种虚拟的问法,问的是缺乏现代卫生的情况下会发生的事情是什么。这很明显是一个取非思路的推断题。我们在文章中,如果找到作者说在有现代卫生条件的情况下会怎么样,将其反过来就是本题的答案了。所以我们可以回到文章中来进行定位,找到modern sanitation出现的句子。
原文中的第一个相关说法是:“by then, modernsanitation was able to delay exposure to polio untiladolescenceoradulthood, at which time polioinfection produced paralysis.”(到了那时,现代卫生条件得以将暴露于脊髓灰质炎病毒的时间延缓到青少年时期或成年时期,而在此时感染脊髓灰质炎会导致瘫痪)文章中说的是有现代卫生条件的情况下会怎么样,所以我们可以排除掉,而题目中问的是缺乏现代卫生条件的情况下会怎样,所以我们可以排除掉与原文信息相同的E选项。继续往下看,原文是这么说的:“Previously,infectionhad occurred during infancy, when it typicallyprovidedlifelong immunity without paralysis.”(以前,感染会发生于婴儿时期,此时的感染通常会带来终生的免疫而不会瘫痪)文章中说的以前是指在有现代卫生条件以前,跟题干中问的缺乏现代卫生条件的情况相吻合,但是文章中说在婴儿时期的感染会带来终生的免疫并且不会瘫痪,这点又跟D选项所说的情况不相吻合,所以D选项也可以排除。继续看下去我们可以看到“Thus,the hygienethat helpedprevent typhoid epidemicsindirectly fostered a paralytic polioepidemic.”(因此,能够帮助防止伤寒流行的卫生条件间接地加强了致瘫痪的脊髓灰质炎的流行)在这段原文中,考生必须注意到的是hygiene和sanitation之间的同义替换。虽然并未直接出现定位词modern sanitation,但是出现了与之意思相同的名词。这里就涉及到了取非的思路:原文中说hygiene能够帮助防止伤寒(typhoid)的流行,所以题目中问缺乏sanitation的情况下会怎么样?当然是会导致伤寒的流行。因此这道题目正确的答案是选C选项。
上面的题目属于比较难的一道推论题。其难点有三点:第一是干扰信息众多容易混淆,定位词出现的位置并非答案真正的出处;第二是考查学生对于名词同义替换的识别,这对于词汇量不足的考生来说会很头疼;第三就是考到了取非推断的思路,需要将文章提供的信息进行反向推论才能够真正找到答案。
当然推断题并不全是取非推断,也有根据文章可以直接一步推断出答案的情况。比如:
It can be inferred from the passage that Lyme diseasehas become prevalent in parts of the United Statesbecauseof which of the following?
(A) The inadvertentintroduction of Lyme diseasebacteria to the United States
(B) The inability of modernsanitation methods toeradicate Lyme disease bacteria
(C) Agenetic mutation in Lymedisease bacteria thatmakes them more virulent
(D) The spread of Lyme diseasebacteria frominfected humans to non-infected humans
(E) An increase in the numberof humans whoencounter deer ticks
针对上面同一篇文章,本题的解决思路就会简单很多。首先我们可以找到题干中带有大写首字母的定位词Lymedisease和becomeprevalent in parts of the United Statesbecause of,通过对题干的理解我们知道本题问的是莱姆病在美国流行起来的原因。在原文中定位词出处的附近,我们找到了这样的信息:“iscausedby bacteria that are transmitted by deer ticks”(这种疾病是由鹿身上的扁虱所携带的细菌导致的);“largely duetoan increase inthe deerpopulation that occurredsimultaneously with the growth of the suburbsandincreased outdoor recreational activities in thedeer's habitat.”(在美国变得流行很大程度上是由于鹿群数量随着郊区的发展同时上升,以及在鹿的栖息地的户外休闲活动的增多)。前一句说疾病的感染源为鹿身上的扁虱,后一句明确暗示了人类活动与鹿的栖息地越来越多的重叠,由此可以推断出答案是E选项“An increase in the number of humans whoencounter deer ticks”(人类与鹿身上的扁虱的接触的增多)。
这道推断题就是直接根据原文所提供的信息正向推断得出的。虽然E选项这句话本身及其相同意思的信息在文章中并未直接出现,但是通过文章提供的信息我们同样可以得出这样的推断。
但是值得注意的是,很多中国考生容易出现脑洞过大,想得太多的情况,常常会自己脑补一些文章中并未给出的细节或者结合自己的常识来判断选项正误。这样的做法是不能够用来解决GMAT阅读考试的推断题的。GMAT推断讲究的是就题论题,只通过文章给出的信息推断。当然在思考时也不能够过于拘谨,适当推理也是解题所必须的。想太多和想太少之间,想得正正好这个分寸,还需要考生通过大量的题目练习来精准把握。
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